I. INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose
B. Scope
C. Responsibility and Authority
1. Dean and Director
2. Associate Director for Safety and Environmental Programs
3. All Department/Center Heads and Supervisors
4. Each Individual
5. Safety and Health Committee

II. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM
A. General
B. Health Services
1. Emergency Treatment of Illness/Injury on the Job
2. Reporting of Injuries
3. Medical Examinations
C. Employment of Pregnant Women
D. Handicapped Employees

III. GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
A. Compliance with Safety Regulations
B. Safety Training
C. Two-Person Rule
D. Refrigerators and Freezers
E. Housekeeping
F. Slippery Surfaces
G. Ladders
H. Painting and Spraying
I. Compressed Air
J. Compressed Gas Cylinders
K. Work Clothing
L. Electrical
1. Portable Tools and Insulation
2. Electrical Work
M. Lockout/Tagout Procedures
N. Working Over, Near, or On the Water
0. Confined Space Entry Procedures
P. Machinery and Machine Guarding

IV. ASBESTOS MANAGEMENT

V. SMOKING

VI. PERSONNEL PROTECTION PROGRAM
A. Respiratory Protection
B. Protective Headwear
C. Sight Conservation
D. Hearing Conservation
E. Hand Protection
F. Foot Protection

VII. VENTILATION
A. Indoor Air Quality
B. Laboratory Ventilating Systems and Hood Requirements

VIII. LIGHTING

IX. PLAN REVIEW

APPENDIX A: LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROGRAM
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose
B. Important Definitions
C. Applicability
II. TRAINING
A. Initial
B. Retraining/Refresher Training
III. LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROCEDURE
A. Background
B. Lockout Procedures
C. Tagout Procedures
D. Restoration of Equipment and Removal of Locks and Tags
IV. REVIEW
VIMS/SMS LOCKOUT/TAGOUT TRAINING LOG
VIMS/SMS LOCKOUT/TAGOUT - SPECIFIC PROCEDURE
VIMS/SMS LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROGRAM AUDIT REPORT

APPENDIX B: PERSONAL SAFETY WHILE OPERATING VIMS/SMS VESSELS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. POLICY
III. ACTION
A. Vessel Operations
B. Vessel Captains/Operators
C. Personal Flotation Devices
D. Engine Safety Lanyards
E. Hard Hats, Safety Shoes, Ear Plugs, Gloves, And Protective Eyewear

APPENDIX C: CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROGRAM
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose
B. Background
C. Responsibility
II. HAZARDS
A. Oxygen Deficiency/Enrichment
B. Flammable Gases, Vapors, and Mists
C. Toxic Exposures
D. Airborne Combustible Dust
III. PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
IV. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
A. Entrants, Attendants, and Supervisors
B. Rescuers
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT - HAZARDOUS AREA ENTRY PERMIT

APPENDIX D: INFECTION CONTROL PLAN
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose
B. Scope
C. Important Definitions
D. Exposure Determination
II. METHODS OF COMPLIANCE
A. General
B. Engineering and Work Practice Controls
C. Personal Protective Equipment
D. Housekeeping
E. Specimens
F. Infectious Waste, Potentially Infectious Waste, or Human Tissue Disposal
G. Laundry
H. Hepatitis B Vaccination and Post-Exposure Follow-up
I. Information To Be Provided to the Physician
J. Physician's Written Opinion
K. Communication of Hazards to Employees
III. INFORMATION AND TRAINING
A. General
B. Training Program Elements
IV. MEDICAL AND TRAINING RECORDS
A. Medical
B. Training
C. Availability

APPENDIX E: INJURIES AND ILLNESSES FROM ANIMAL BITES, SCRATCHES, AND OTHER EXPOSURES

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A. Purpose

The Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 went into effect April 28, 1971 and was adopted by the Commonwealth of Virginia on March 1, 1974. The purpose of this act is to assure every worker safe and healthful working conditions. All rules, regulations, and standards developed and required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Virginia Department of Labor and Industry will be observed by personnel assigned to the Virginia Institute of Marine Science/School of Marine Science (VIMS/SMS), contractors, vendors, and visitors within the geographical areas of VIMS/SMS responsibility. Visitors to any construction area, shop, vessel, or other area where injury may be likely due to the nature of the activity in progress, must either provide their own protective equipment or be provided with same by the person authorizing the visit.

State and federal laws provide stiff penalties for both employers and individual supervisors who violate safety and health laws. Penalties for such violations may include personal liability for executives and supervisors punishable by fines and/or imprisonment. Employees are expected to be familiar with the general safety requirements of this plan and specific rules as required and approved by individual departments. Deliberate violations may be subject to disciplinary action.

It is the policy of VIMS/SMS to implement fully the Occupational Safety and Health Program for all faculty, staff, and students.

In order to comply with state and federal requirements, this written plan has been developed for VIMS/SMS. All departments and centers are included in this plan. All VIMS/SMS personnel are required to become familiar with the contents of this plan. This plan is available over the VIMS/SMS computer system

B. Scope

This plan covers those aspects of safety not addressed in the VIMS/SMS Emergency Response Plan, Fire Prevention Plan, Chemical Hygiene Plan, Hazard Communication Standard Training Plan, Diving Safety Manual, Radiation Safety Plan, Respiratory Protection Plan, and other documents.

C. Responsibility and Authority
1. Dean and Director
The Dean and Director is responsible for the safety and health of all personnel assigned to VIMS/SMS.
2. Director for Safety and Environmental Programs
The Director for Safety and Environmental Programs is directly responsible to the Dean and Director for establishing, coordinating, directing, and evaluating the effectiveness of the Safety and Occupational Health Program for VIMS/SMS. The Director for Safety and Environmental Programs is vested with the authority to inspect all VIMS/SMS operations and activities as well as records and, in addition, to take immediate steps to stop any operation or hazardous practice where there appears to be impending danger of serious injury or death or serious damage to equipment, material, or facilities.
3. All Department/Center Heads and Supervisors
Safety and health are paramount responsibilities at each management level. Each member of the management team has a personal and individual responsibility for the safety and health of all persons who report to them or are assigned to them for special purposes. Supervisors shall ensure that all personnel who report to them are instructed in and carry out applicable safety and health precautions for their work and work areas. In carrying out this responsibility the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs shall be called upon for assistance as required. However, this in no way reduces each manager's prime responsibility for safety or his/her obligation to ensure that safety is incorporated into all activities, processes, equipment, and operating procedures under his/her control.
4. Each Individual
Each individual has an inherent responsibility from which he/she can not be absolved for his/her own personal safety and health as well as the safety and health of those with whom they are associated in a work environment. Each individual is responsible for knowing, understanding, and observing all safety and health precautions applicable to his/her work area.
 

Failure to comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Plan and with other safety and health practices and procedures may be grounds for disciplinary action. Injuries incurred as a result of such a failure might not be covered by Workers' Compensation.
5. Safety and Health Committee
The Safety and Health Committee (Safety Committee) provides for faculty, staff, and student involvement in all aspects of the formulation of safety policy and for the continuing evaluation and development of the VIMS/SMS Safety and Occupational Health Program. Active participation by members of the Safety and Occupational Health Committee is essential to the successful implementation of the VIMS/SMS Safety and Occupational Health Program.

The Chairperson of the Safety and Occupational Health Committee shall be appointed by the Dean and Director. The Director for Safety and Environmental Programs will prepare and forward the minutes of the Committee's meeting along with pertinent recommendations to the Dean and Director. The minutes will be distributed to all the members of the Committee and to others as appropriate.

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A. General

The purpose of the Occupational Health Program is to create and maintain safe and healthful working conditions for all VIMS/SMS personnel. This section will provide basic information on the recognition, evaluation, and control of occupational health hazards to which employees may be exposed.  Environmental factors and stresses in the work place which influence the health of the worker include chemicals in the form of liquids, dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, and gases; physical agents such as ionizing radiation, microwaves, noise, vibration, extremes of temperature and illumination; biological agents such as insects, molds, fungi, and bacteria; and ergonomic factors including monotony, repetitive motion, and fatigue.

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1. Emergency Treatment of Illness/Injury on the Job
The Abingdon Volunteer Rescue Squad, Inc. provides emergency treatment and transport services. Transportation by the Rescue Squad will only be to a hospital emergency room. If a worker does not wish to be transported by the rescue squad after the squad has arrived and made an assessment of the illness/injury, the individual will be required to sign a release form stating that treatment/transport is not desired from the Rescue Squad. It then becomes the individual's responsibility to arrange for appropriate transportation if medical treatment is desired or needed. It must be kept in mind that injuries to limbs or an altered level of consciousness/awareness which would impair the proper operation and control of a motor vehicle will prohibit the individual from driving themselves to obtain emergency care. Transportation must then be provided by a state vehicle and driver from the individual's work center or by a fellow worker. Care of minor injuries can be obtained at the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs. Emergency assistance can be obtained in accordance with the tag on or near every VIMS/SMS telephone.
2. Reporting of Injuries
All on the job injuries must be reported as soon as possible to the Workers' Compensation Program representative.
3. Medical Examinations
Medical examinations for personnel who have been exposed to health hazardous conditions are an essential part of the occupational health program. These examinations shall be specific for the type of exposure or operation involved. Persons who know they have been exposed or suspect exposure must notify their supervisor and the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs immediately. It is imperative that persons who have been exposed to a harmful contaminant which presents the possibility of contaminating other persons and/or the work area remain in an isolated area, if at all possible, until proper assistance is obtained.

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Employees should notify their supervisors as early as possible should they become pregnant in order to facilitate a work assignment suitability survey regarding health and safety factors. Pregnancies shall be referred to the Personnel Office so specific job limitations can be recommended if necessary after consultation with the individual's physician.

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Architectural barriers should be eliminated and a 'buddy" system developed to assure that employees can be mobile in an emergency. The Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards developed under the Architectural Barriers Act, 42 U.S.C. 4151-4157 and 36 CFR Part 119, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), contain all applicable standards and are available for review in the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs.

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Personnel safety shall be paramount in all operating procedures to assure maximum practical protection for personnel and to prevent unnecessary exposure to injury and health hazards. Accordingly, it is the responsibility of all concerned to comply with established safety rules and regulations. Management and supervisory personnel at all levels are responsible for assuring that sound safety precautions are understood and carried out in their work areas.  Coverage of items in this section is limited to basic guidance in some of the essential areas of safety and health which are generally applicable to all areas of VIMS/SMS. It is emphasized that these are basic requirements to good safety and health performance and do not represent a comprehensive safety and health program for every area.

All VIMS/SMS personnel will observe all safety and health rules and regulations. All personnel will be responsible for warning others when it is believed that they are endangered by known hazards or by their failure to comply with applicable safety and health precautions. Safety and health precautions must not be subordinated or disregarded because of the urgency of a particular job.

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Supervisors must ensure that all new or reassigned personnel are instructed in safe methods of performing particular tasks prior to starting and during the early stages of each new job. A general safety briefing will be held in conjunction with the Hazard Communication Standard training for every new person checking in.

The two-person rule applies whenever dangerous experiments or other potentially life-threatening operations are being performed. No one shall work alone if there is any reason to believe that a situation may develop where the person could not summon assistance within a reasonable time or where assistance from another person would not be available in case of an accident.

When the distance or physical arrangement separating employees is great enough to prevent visual observation or voice communication for long periods, the activities shall be restricted to those with a low probability of an incapacitating accident of such magnitude that help can not be summoned in a reasonable period of time.

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Flammable liquids or chemicals capable of giving off flammable or explosive vapors which require refrigeration will not be placed in domestic-type refrigerators. Such material shall be stored in explosive-proof refrigerators.  In such confined spaces a very small quantity of flammable liquid can develop into an explosive atmosphere which could be ignited by the interior light switch or thermostat switch of the refrigerator. Standard refrigerators and freezers shall have a "NO FLAMMABLES" sign/label posted on the door.

At no time will food products for human consumption be stored in any refrigerator or freezer which is being used for storage of chemicals or biological samples.

Unused refrigerators and freezers stored in buildings or locations where unauthorized entry is possible will have the doors removed. Units stored in locked buildings will have the doors secured by metal strapping or rubber-covered wire.

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High standards of housekeeping must be maintained in all shops, offices, laboratories, buildings, work areas, and surrounding grounds.

All work areas, especially laboratory counters or benches which are used by several persons and/or which might contain potentially hazardous materials, must be kept clean and neat.

Floors will be kept free from holes and obstructions, especially where the floors form part of the aisles or walking spaces. It is essential that floors are not littered with small objects, such as scraps of metal, nails, and tools.

Aisles, passageways, stairways, and exits shall be kept clear at all times. All exit signs shall be suitably illuminated by a by a reliable light source. Emergency and exit lighting shall be inspected on a routine basis by maintenance personnel.

Oily rags, clothing, and materials contaminated with flammable liquids or other chemicals will be kept in approved containers in designated locations. Metal waste cans with covers will be provided for each work area to contain such materials.

Restrooms will be kept in a clean and sanitary condition at all times.

All VIMS/SMS provided and personal microwave ovens and refrigerators used for the cooking and storage of food shall be kept clean at all times. Failure to maintain an acceptable degree of sanitation shall be grounds for removal of these appliances.

Broken glass shall not be placed in waste baskets. It should be kept in a separate and that is marked as to its contents for the cleaning crew to remove or taken directly to a dumpster for disposal.

Other sharp objects, such as scalpel blades, needles, and razor blades, shall be disposed of in appropriate and labeled containers. When the container is filled, the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs should be contacted to assist with proper disposal.

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Surfaces which cause hazardous footing to personnel due to the presence of oil or other slippery substances will be cleaned or treated to provide good footing. Linoleum and other polished floor surfaces shall be treated with a slip resistant preparation.

Ladders will be inspected by the worker prior to each use. Ladders with broken or missing rungs, broken or split side rails, or with other faulty parts shall not be used. Do not place a ladder in front of a door which opens toward the ladder unless the door is locked or otherwise blocked, barricaded, or guarded. No one shall go up or down a ladder without the free use of both hands. If handling material, a rope shall be used to raise or lower the material.

Portable ladders placed against a wall or other fixed object shall be securely fastened or held by a co-worker to prevent slippage. The ladder's base should be placed at a distance from the vertical wall equal to one-fourth the working length of the ladder in order to assure the proper angle. No ladder shall be used to gain access to a roof unless the top of the ladder extends at least three feet above the point of support, at eave, gutter, or roof line. Ladders shall not be placed on boxes, barrels, or similar unstable bases to obtain additional height. When using portable ladders on smooth floors or sloping surfaces they shall be equipped with nonslip bases.

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Proper preventive measures must be taken for operations involving paints, varnishes, lacquers, cleaners, solvents, plastic coatings, and other finishing materials which readily ignite at relatively low temperatures and which could cause fire and health hazards. Many of the materials used in painting and spraying are volatile and may form vapors which may produce explosive and/or toxic mixtures in the air if not removed by adequate ventilation. Conspicuous "NO SMOKING' signs shall be posted where flammable materials are used or stored. The quantity of flammable or combustible liquid kept in the vicinity of spraying operations shall be kept to the minimum required for daily use. All flammable liquids and similar materials shall be stored in approved safety containers and/or storage cabinets.

The provisions of the VIMS/SMS Respiratory Protection Plan shall be complied with at all times during any painting/spraying procedures. The plan is available in Departmental and work center offices and in the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs and is available for review on the VIMS computer network.

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Compressed air must not be used for cleaning purposes when vacuum cleaners or something safer will do the job. If not practicable or possible to use other means, compressed air may be used for cleaning when reduced to less than 30 p.s.i. and then only with eye protection and safe guarding of other personnel in the area. The use of compressed air for cleaning clothing or any part of the body at any pressure is prohibited.

Compressed gas cylinders shall be stored in an upright position at all times and secured to prevent toppling. The protective caps shall be installed on all cylinders not in use. Cylinders shall not be handled, shipped, or stored without valve protection caps. Compressed gas cylinders must be kept away from excessive heat (125^oF, 51.5^oC) and shall not be placed where they can come in contact with an electrical circuit. Cylinders shall not be stored within twenty feet of highly combustible material. Oxygen and oxidizing gases shall be separated from flammable gases by a minimum of twenty feet or by a noncombustible barrier at least five feet high.

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Clothing worn around moving machinery shall be close fitting. Neckties and other loose items shall not be worn. Long sleeves will be worn in operations involving welding or burning and in tasks where the exposure to chemicals or ultraviolet and infrared rays is likely. Long sleeves are recommended for brush cutting.

In industrial operations where there is no hazard to the upper arms, short sleeve shirts and blouses may be worn provided they cover the upper torso. All personnel working in industrial operations shall wear trousers, slacks, or coveralls which cover the lower extremities.

Safety shoes are required for all personnel involved in work which has the potential for crushing or lacerating foot injuries. This includes personnel in shops, outside maintenance/grounds, vessels, and housekeeping. This requirement is more fully addressed in the section on personal protective clothing.

Persons working in laboratories shall wear appropriate clothing. Lab coats or aprons should be worn for the majority of operations especially when there is a possibility of splash or spill. Similarly, footwear that provides protection from splash and spill should be worn at all times in laboratories. Going "bare foot" in any laboratory is forbidden. As open-toed shoes, sandals, and "flip-flops" provide no protection from splash or spill, they also are forbidden. Routine cleaning of lab coats and aprons is the responsibility of the individual user.

Persons working in the water should wear appropriate clothing or equipment. Footwear is especially important for person wading where there is any potential for material on the bottom that might lacerate unprotected feet.

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1. Portable Tools and Insulation
All electrically powered portable tools shall be inspected prior to use. Tools with frayed cords, broken ground prongs, etc .shall not be used. All portable electrical powered tools shall have insulation and ground tests done on a regular basis. Conductivity tests shall be performed on all electrical protective equipment at prescribed intervals. This protective shall include rubber insulating gloves, line hoses and covers, and nonconductive matting.
2. Electrical Work
All electrical work shall be performed in accordance with published OSHA standards for Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices. 29 CFR 1910.331 through .335, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70 National Electrical Code, and NFPA 70E Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces as amended. Copies of these standards are available in the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs. It is the responsibility of all electrical/electronic maintenance and repair personnel and their supervisors to become familiar with the procedures in the above publications and to employ the mandated safe work practices.

Working on exposed circuit/parts that are energized will not be permitted unless the workers are qualified and trained to do so. Safety related work practices shall be used to prevent electric shock or other electrically induced injuries. Qualified workers are those who have been trained to work safely on energized circuits and, when appropriate, to use the proper personal protective equipment, insulating and shielding materials, and insulated tools. Two workers, one of whom must be trained in CPR, shall work together any time work must be performed on high voltage energized circuitry or equipment,.

All routine electrical/electronic maintenance/repair work will employ mandatory lockout/tagout procedures as specified in paragraph M below.

All electrical/electronic repair personnel shall be trained in CPR and will participate in yearly refresher training.

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OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.147, the Lockout/Tagout Standard, covers situations where injury could be caused by unexpected startup, energization, or release of stored energy while a machine or piece of equipment is being serviced or repaired. The standard requires that each piece of equipment be examined to determine what energy source needs to be locked out and that an energy control program be developed consisting of written
1: energy control procedures
2: periodic inspection
3: training, and
4: additional requirements for outside contractors, shift changes, if applicable, etc.

The standard does not apply to work on cord and plug connected electric equipment for which exposure to the hazards of unexpected energization or start up of the equipment is controlled by unplugging the equipment from the energy source and by the plug being under the exclusive control of the person performing the servicing or repair.

The VIMS/SMS lockout/tagout program along with specific details and forms are in Appendix A.

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Employees working over or near water, where the danger of drowning exists, shall be provided with U.S. Coast Guard approved personal flotation devices (PFDs) . Prior to and after each use, the PFDs shall be inspected for defects which would alter their strength or buoyancy. Defective units shall not be used and shall be returned to Vessel Operations for repair or replacement.

In marina, pier, and dock areas ring buoys with at least 90 feet of line shall be provided and readily available for emergency rescue operations. Distance between ring buoys shall not exceed 200 feet.

At least one lifesaving skiff shall be immediately available at locations where employees are working over or adjacent to water.

Personal safety procedures for personnel operating any VIMS/SMS vessel are in Appendix B.

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Confined spaces are among the more dangerous work environments. A "confined space" may be generally defined as any area which has limited means of egress, is subject to an oxygen deficient or enriched atmosphere or to the accumulation of flammable or toxic gases or vapors, and is configured so as to make rescue difficult. OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.146 provides definitive guidelines relative to entering/working in a confined space in addition to specific mandates dealing with the required training and emergency equipment required to support this type of work.

Examples of confined space working areas at VIMS/SMS include sewers, pits/sumps, chemical/septic waste tanks, vessel voids/bilges, trenches over 4 feet deep, elevator shafts, ventilation ducts, and man holes.

The VIMS/SMS detailed confined space entry program will be found in Appendix C.

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For most applications machine guarding is an engineering control method that is the best of several of available options for protecting personnel working around machinery and equipment. The installation of machinery and machine guards is a governing factor in controlling and preventing accidents and injuries. The selection of a guarding method to be used if the machine does not have a manufacturer's installed guard may depend on a number of things such as space limitations; size of stock, and frequency of use. The following general guidelines are provided to assist in that selection. For detailed information consult OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.211. A copy is available in the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs.

Design and construction characteristics of machine guards include:
1. The guard must be considered a permanent part of the machine or equipment.
2. The guard must afford positive protection. Personnel should not be able to reach a hazard by reaching into, over, under, or through a properly designed and installed guard.
3. The guard must prevent access to the danger zone during operation of the equipment.
4. The guard must be as convenient as possible and must not interfere with normal operation of the machine or maintenance functions.  This may include hinging guards to allow for access, using drift pins, latches, or minimizing the number of cumbersome attachments
5. The guard should be designed for the specific job and specific machine, with provisions for lubricating, inspecting, adjusting, and repairing the machine.
6. The guard must be durable and constructed strongly enough to resist normal wear.
7. The guard must not present a hazard in itself.
8. The guard should not be easily bypassed or defeated. The use of "dead man" controls is the preferred method because if the safety device fails or is bypassed, the machine will not present a hazard to personnel.

Under no circumstance shall any VIMS/SMS machine guard be removed to simplify operator use. Nor, shall any VIMS/SMS machine/machinery be operated without the required guard being in place.

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Asbestos is a general term applied to a variety of naturally occurring mineral silicates which are separable into fibers.  Although there are many asbestos minerals, there are only six forms with specific attributes and characteristics of commercial importance. They are chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite.  Asbestos generally is a fibrous material which is incombustible and possesses high tensile strength, good thermal and electrical insulating properties, and moderate to good chemical resistance.  Because of these characteristics, asbestos has been employed in many uses including roofing and flooring products, friction products (brake and clutch facing), reinforcing material in cement, pipe, and sheet materials, a thickening agent in some paints, and thermal and acoustical insulations.

Asbestos now is recognized as a major health hazard. Inhalation of asbestos fibers has been demonstrated to cause at least two distinct diseases. Asbestosis is a progressively restrictive fibrosis of the lung and is recognized as a classic disabling or even fatal occupational disease. Asbestos also has been found to be a cause in the development of carcinoma of the lung, and of malignant mesothelioma. Asbestos also is suspected of causing cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Mesothelioma, a rare malignant tumor of the lung membrane which lines the chest and abdominal cavity, occurs with increasing frequency in workers with exposure to asbestos. When coupled with cigarette smoking, the risk increases dramatically.

The exact relationship between asbestos exposure and carcinogenesis remains uncertain. The extended latency period, lack of adequate past exposure data, effect of other carcinogens, and variability of human responses make absolute determinations difficult. Latency periods of twenty to forty years between the first asbestos exposure and the appearance of a malignancy have been reported.

Asbestos and materials containing asbestos shall not be used in any building or maintenance application. In locations where asbestos materials are presently installed and are properly sealed/bonded, rip-out work shall not be performed for the sole purpose of eliminating asbestos.

The VIMS/SMS Asbestos Management Plan was developed by an independent firm and provides explicit guidance for the management of asbestos at the Institute. A copy of this plan is available in the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs or the office of the Supervisor for Maintenance.

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The Surgeon General of the United States has determined that using tobacco products is a leading cause of illness and death. The Commonwealth of Virginia recognizes the right of individuals working or visiting in state buildings to an environment free of contaminants.

The VIMS/SMS policy is to ensure a healthy working environment for all workers. Since December 1992, smoking has been forbidden in all areas of all buildings, including individual offices, and enclosed spaces (automobiles, trucks, vessel cabins, aircraft) under the management of control of VIMS. Individuals desiring to smoke shall do so outside and shall dispose of used smoking materials in a safe and proper manner.

Valid, documented, legitimate complaints by non-smoking and smoking employees are of equal concern and will be dealt with on an individual basis. The Office of Safety and Environmental Programs will serve as the functional point of contact and provide assistance or recommendations to the Dean and Director for any employee complaints or concerns about this policy.

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Whenever possible, processes, equipment, and environments should be designed and arranged so as to prevent or minimize hazardous exposure to personnel. When this is not feasible, approved personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided, and individuals will be instructed in its proper use and limitations. Once personal protective equipment is provided, its use must be enforced by supervisory personnel. The importance of determining and selecting the proper protective equipment cannot be overemphasized. Only approved, properly fitted personal protective equipment will be used. The Office of Safety and Environmental Programs will provide assistance in determining the type of personal equipment required in any VIMS/SMS area. Personal protective equipment will not be used in hazardous areas or where hazardous conditions exist until it has been determined that the individual can wear the equipment without endangering his/her health. Personal protective equipment will be furnished by VIMS/SMS without cost to the individual.

The supervisor of each work center shall be responsible for determining the quantity of personal protective equipment required and for control of such equipment issued to its personnel. Supervisory personnel are responsible for training their personnel in the selection, use, inspection, and care of personal protective equipment required for their unique work situations, and for maintaining records of such training. Proper equipment storage must be provided to protect against environmental conditions which might degrade the effectiveness of the equipment or result in contamination during storage.

The Personnel Protection Program consists of the following areas: Respiratory Protection, Protective Headgear, Sight Conservation, Hearing Conservation, Hand Protection, and Foot Protection as outlined in the following sections. In depth information on each program can be obtained from the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs. 

The Respiratory Protection Program is a system whereby respirators will be properly selected, used, and maintained in a manner which will protect employees from hazardous and oxygen deficient atmospheres in the workplace. The requirements for an acceptable Respiratory Protection Program are defined in OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard 29 CFR part 1910.134. The Respiratory Protection Plan provides specific details.

For employees/students who will be required to work in respirators in conjunction with work and/or research activities, the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs will provide additional instruction and qualitative fit testing as prescribed by current OSHA regulations.

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Approved protective headwear (hard hats) shall be worn by all personnel working where there is danger of head injury from impact, falling or flying objects, or electrical shock and burns. Protective headwear shall also be worn by operators of materials handling equipment, personnel engaged in construction work, warehousing, personnel working in excavations, and all personnel using pickaxes, sledge hammers, and chain

Hard hats are rigid head gear of varying materials designed to protect the worker's head, not only from impact but from flying objects and electric shock or any combination of the three. All approved hard hats must meet the specifications of the American National Standard requirement for Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers, Z89.1-1981 and shall be so identified on the inside of the head shell with name of the manufacturer, the American Standard designation, and class - for example: Manufacturer's name --- ANSI Z89.1-1981 Class B. Metal or light plastic "bump caps" do not fit in the category of approved hard hats and therefore shall not take the place of such equipment saws. Head protection worn by personnel exposed to electrical shock and burn hazards shall be specifically approved for electrical work hazards.. Work center heads/supervisors must ensure that all personnel who work in "Hard Hat Areas" or in occupations which require protective headwear are issued a properly fitting, nonmetallic safety hard hat in accordance with the provisions of this section. Hard hats must not be worn over caps (except winter liners) or hats.

The hard hat's internal suspension system must be worn in the proper orientation on the worker's head so as not to lessen the effectiveness of the protection. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that the suspension straps are properly installed, and that the hat fits properly and is free of cracks, holes, or other imperfections which will negate its protective qualities. Since the effectiveness of hard hats depends upon their structural strength, no ventilation holes, openings, cutting of brims, or other alterations are to be made to any hard hat.

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Personnel engaged in eye hazardous work or research shall be provided with the appropriate type of eye protective equipment in consonance with the assigned task. Eye hazardous operations are defined as any task, assignment, or operation that presents danger, however remote, to the eyes of the worker or those individuals within ten feet of impact, loose foreign bodies, glare, chemical infiltration, injurious radiation, or any combination of the above. Eye hazardous areas are defined as those in which there are sufficient overlapping eye hazardous operations to present a general risk of injury to personnel entering or working therein. Anyone entering an eye hazardous area must wear approved eye protection at all times.

The type of eye protection for each work center will be determined by the work center supervisor based on the type of protection required. In general, the following types can be considered for use:

1. General use - Spectacles with side shields for operations in which foreign bodies may be expected to come from the side of the worker or where personnel engaged in eye hazardous work are working closely together.
2. Corrective Eyewear - Most work centers would find it cost prohibitive to order safety spectacles with optically corrective lenses. Cover goggles which can be worn over the workers regular spectacles should be considered.
3. Welding, Cutting, and Brazing - These operations require special filtered lenses of varying shades dependent upon the type of work being performed. Specific recommendations can be obtained from the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs.
4. Banding and Unbanding - Eyes can be protected by using approved goggles or safety glasses with full-cup side shields. An approved face shield is also available to provide face protection when used in conjunction with appropriate eyewear.
5. Impact Hazard Goggles and Spectacles - Eyecup goggles with glass lenses or plastic enclosed eye-shields are appropriate for heavy impact and large particles, such as in chipping, caulking, sledging, etc. Spectacle goggles may have leather, plastic, or wire mesh side shields that can not easily be removed and are appropriate for moderate impact and small particles such as in scaling, grinding, woodworking, machine operation, and general work. One piece plastic eye shields, with or without side shields, are for moderate impact and sparks.
6. Impact and Chemical Face Shields - Shields, curved to cover the face area, provide general protection from flying particles, sprays, sparks, etc. Goggles may be worn underneath when the eyes require more positive protection. Nonconductive types are made without metal for use by electrical workers.
7. Harmful Liquids and Fine Dusts - Chemical hazard goggles shall be used for work involving chemicals and for any operation which produces fine dust or hazardous and irritating liquids. In conditions where chemicals are concentrated or where splash hazard are continuous, the goggles should be worn under a face shield for greater protection.

It shall be the responsibility of the individual and the work center supervisor to ensure that personal protective eyewear is maintained in a clean and fully operational condition, and that it is used while performing eye hazardous operations. The Office of Safety and Environmental Programs will assist any work center or individual in selecting the proper type of protective eyewear.

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Noise is one of the most pervasive occupational health problems. Exposure to high levels of noises causes temporary or permanent hearing loss and may cause other harmful health effects as well. The extent of damage depends primarily on the intensity of the noise and the duration of the exposure. Noise induced hearing loss is an irreversible condition that progresses with increased exposure and is aggravated by the normal aging process. Susceptibility to hearing impairment due to noise varies greatly among individuals.

OSHA standard 1910.95 mandates protection against the effects of noise exposure when sound levels in are excess of those shown in table G-16 of the standard. In essence, this means that personnel exposed to noise levels above 90 dba for the duration of an 8 hour work day or to impulse or impact peak levels exceeding 140 dba shall be provided with hearing protection devices. Either circumaural hearing protectors (earmuffs) or aural insert hearing protectors (ear plugs) may be used. Plain cotton is not an acceptable hearing protection device. The Office of Safety and Environmental Programs has the capability to conduct noise level monitoring and will assist in the selection of appropriate hearing protective devices.

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Hand protection shall be provided to all personnel working in operations involving heated or frigid materials, petroleum products, acids, caustics, or other chemicals that are hazardous when in contact with the skin, live electrical circuits, abrasive work, or when handling materials with sharp edges. Other hand protection may be supplied at the discretion of the work center supervisor for work involving the handling of contaminants, materials which are splintered or extremely rough surfaced, or for other special work needs. The Office of Safety and Environmental Programs will provide selection assistance as required.

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Foot hazardous operations are those which have a high incidence or potential for foot or toe injuries. Examples of work generally associated with a high incidence of foot injuries are construction, material handling, warehousing, maintenance, pier operations, vessel operations, transportation, and grounds work. Laboratory workers are subject to sills and splashes. Safety shoes with built-in protective toe box are primarily intended to provide protection from heavy falling objects and must meet the appropriate American National Standard for Safety Toe Footwear and be labeled accordingly.

The VIMS/SMS policy is that those personnel who require safety toe shoes shall have them provided. In order to standardize the method of funding, a limit of $70 shall be placed per individual. Those persons who desire to upgrade to a more expensive approved safety shoe shall be required to pay the difference in cost. Unless circumstances warrant otherwise, only one pair of safety toe shoes will be authorized per individual per year. It is anticipated that employees who work in areas where accelerated deterioration occurs may require more frequent replacement. On the other hand, other employees may not require yearly replacement. The individual's supervisor shall make the determination as to the continued service life of an individual's safety toe shoes. Questionable cases shall be referred to the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs for assistance.

As stated in the General Requirements, section III K, above, laboratory workers must wear footwear which provides protection from splashes, spills, and penetrating objects such as broken glass. Thus going "barefoot," or using open-toed shoes, sandals, or "flip flops" is expressly prohibited in VIMS/SMS laboratories. All personnel involved in outdoor work must wear footwear which offers protection from lacerating and penetrating injuries as might be caused by broken glass, nails, or shells. Persons working on vessels of any size are not excused form any of these requirements and additionally might require footwear with appropriate "non-slip" soles.

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A. Indoor Air Quality

The general atmosphere in all occupied work areas shall be ventilated by natural or mechanical ventilation or a combination thereof to ensure a comfortable work atmosphere. Ventilation requirements for hazardous atmospheres, materials, or processes must meet Federal and State Air Quality requirements as specified in current regulations. The amount of ventilation in CFM (cubic feet per minute) shall be in accordance with established guidelines relative to the number of personnel per work area.

Provisions should be made for the entrance of clean, tempered air into the building to replace air removed by exhaust systems. Inlets should be arranged and located so that workers are not subjected to drafts of air having a temperature of more than 10 degrees F. below room temperature. The intake for the air supply shall be located so as to prevent insofar as possible, the intake of contaminants from exhaust systems, process vents, or other pollutant sources. Where artificial ventilation is necessary for the maintenance of comfortable working conditions, ventilation systems shall be installed.

The use and location of supplementary portable heaters must be approved by the Director of Facilities Management.

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The VIMS/SMS Chemical Hygiene Plan and National Fire Protection Association Standard 45, Chapter 6 contain specific requirements for laboratory exhaust systems, laboratory hoods, biological safety cabinets, and other systems for exhausting air from laboratory work areas in which hazardous gases, vapors, or particulate matter may be released.

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Good illumination shall be provided in all walking, working, and service areas and for all difficult seeing tasks to ensure the safety of all personnel in or at the work environment. There shall be good direction and uniform distribution of illumination.

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Review of this plan will be conducted by the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs, as required

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Purpose

The Virginia Institute of Marine Science/School of Marine Science (VIMS/SMS) recognizes that during servicing and/or maintenance of equipment, personnel have the potential to be involved in a serious or fatal accident caused by the unexpected start-up of equipment or the release of stored energy. This policy has been developed to establish procedures for the control of hazardous energy, hereafter called Lockout/Tagout. This policy is intended to comply with the requirements of OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.147, Control of Hazardous Energy (lockout/tagout), and the provisions of OSHA's Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices Standard 29 CFR 1910.331 through .335.

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1. Energy Source - Any source of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other energy.
2. Energized - Connected to an energy source or containing residual or stored energy.
3. Energy Isolating Device - A mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release of energy such as a manually operated circuit breaker, a disconnect switch, a slide gate, a line valve, a block, and any similar device used to block or isolate energy. The term does not include a push-button, selector switch, or other control circuit type device.
4. Lockout - The placement of a lockout device on an energy isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, ensuring that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed.
5. Lockout Device - A device that utilizes a positive means such as a lock, either key or combination type, to hold an energy isolating device in the safe position and prevent the energizing of a machine or equipment.
6. Servicing and/or Maintenance - Workplace activities such as constructing, installing, setting up, adjusting, inspecting, modifying, maintaining, and servicing machines or equipment. These activities include lubrication, cleaning, unjamming, or making adjustments where personnel may be exposed to the unexpected energization or startup of the equipment or release of hazardous energy.
7. Tagout - The placement of a tagout device on an energy isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.
8. Tagout Device - A prominent warning device, such as a tag and a means of attachment, which can be securely fastened to an energy isolating device in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.

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An operation is regulated by the lockout/tagout policy when:
1. Any person or contractor is required to remove or bypass a guard or other safety device.
2. Any person or contractor is required to place any part of his/her body into the mechanism of a piece of equipment or path of hazardous energy unless:
a. The activity is routine, repetitive and integral to the use of the equipment and
b. The person has been properly trained in the precautionary steps necessary to perform the activity safely or is provided other protection (guarding).

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A. Initial

Each person or contractor involved in or affected by lockout/tagout procedures will be trained in the following areas before being allowed to work in the area:
1. The recognition of hazardous energy sources.
2. The type and magnitude of the energy located in the workplace.
3. The procedures for energy isolation and control including specific procedures developed for equipment and systems.
4. The purpose and use of the energy control (lockout/tagout) procedure.
5. The prohibition and penalties for attempts to restart or re-energize equipment which has been locked out or to work on equipment without following the lockout/tagout procedures.

Affected persons are those personnel working around equipment or systems that are subject to lockout/tagout but are not directly involved with them. These personnel are not required to be familiar with specific procedures for equipment and systems.

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Retraining or refresher training will be conducted whenever one of the following exists:
1. The person has a change in job assignment.
2. There has been a change in the equipment or process.
3. There has been a change in the energy control procedure.
4. Any time an inspection reveals deviations from the standard procedures, inadequacies in the person's knowledge or use of the lockout/tagout procedure, or an accident as a result of unexpected energy release.

All training and retraining will be documented and verified by the signing and dating of the Lockout/Tagout Program Audit Report Form. These records are to be maintained with the written lockout/tagout procedures. A copy of the Lockout/Tagout Training Log form is included in this appendix.

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A. Background

This procedure has been developed to establish formal methods, procedures, and equipment to be used to ensure that before any person or contractor performs any servicing or maintenance of a machine or equipment where the unexpected energizing, start up or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury, the machine or equipment shall be isolated, and rendered inoperative.

It is the intent of this program to use locks wherever possible with identification tags to provide positive energy isolation. If, in the judgement of the person's supervisor, the equipment cannot be locked out, warning tags may be used. In this special case there will be written justification on file with the specific isolation procedures for this equipment.  Should this equipment require upgrade or modification, it will have lockable switches, fittings, or valves added so that it becomes possible to lockout the equipment.

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Equipment will be locked or tagged out only by authorized personnel who have been trained in the proper procedure and who are familiar with the specific procedures for the equipment.
1. All personnel affected by lockout/tagout will be notified of the application of the lockout devices and/or tags at the beginning of the lockout procedures.
2. Equipment will be shut down following specific procedures developed for the affected equipment.
3. All energy sources will be identified from the specific procedures for the affected equipment. Energy sources include electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, thermal, chemical, pump discharges, and others.
4. All energy sources are to be locked out. Each person involved with the operation will place his/her lock on each energy isolating source. Multiple locks will be attached in a secure manner. The locks must be applied with a warning tag describing why the equipment is locked out, who placed the lock on the equipment, and the date. Locks used for lockout will have two keys. One key will remain in the possession of the individual locking out the equipment. The other key will be kept in the custody of the persons supervisor in a secure location. All locks used at VIMS/SMS for lockout procedures must be keyed individually.
5. Stored or residual energy must be relieved, disconnected, blanked off, restrained, or otherwise rendered safe. Energy sources subject to reaccumulation, such as capacitors, hydraulic reservoirs, air tanks, steam traps, etc., should be controlled by isolation and locking out. If there is a possibility of reaccumulation of stored energy to a hazardous level, verification of isolation shall be continued until the servicing or maintenance is completed.
6. When all steps involved with shut down listed in the specific procedures for the equipment have been completed, make sure that all personnel are clear, and attempt to start or reactivate the equipment to make sure that all energy sources have been locked out. Return controls to "off" position.
7. Cord and plug connected equipment does not require lockout/tagout if the following conditions exist:
a. The authorized individual is within sight of the equipment.
b. Unplugging the equipment isolates the equipment from all energy sources.
c. The equipment has no stored energy.

If equipment must be left unattended or if all of the above conditions do not apply then the equipment will be locked and tagged out by attaching a tag to the on/off switch and attaching a lockout device to the plug to prevent it from being plugged in.

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It is the VIMS/SMS policy not to use tags alone in an energy isolation procedure. The only exceptions to this must be authorized by the respective supervisor with written justification as to why the equipment or process does not lend itself to being physically locked out. Should this equipment be upgraded or modified so that it becomes possible to lock out the equipment, lockable switches, fittings, or valves will be added.
1. OSHA mandates that lockout/tagout devices be standardized within each facility in at least one of the following criteria: color, shape, or size and in the case of tagout devices print and format shall be standardized. The Office of Safety and Environmental Programs will provide examples of the type of equipment and tags to be used at VIMS/SMS.
2. Tags are to be used with locks to identify the individual, the hazard, and the date.
3. Tags must be durable and able to withstand the environment in which they are used.
4. Tags are to be attached with cable ties and must be securely attached so that it is readily apparent what the tag is warning about. Alternate methods of attaching tags may be used as long as they are not easily removed or reusable and must withstand 50 pounds unlocking strength. Rubber bands, wire ties, and string are not permissible means of attachment.
5. In training sessions all personnel must be made aware that tags do not protect against the unexpected energization of the equipment, and they should be extraordinarily alert around tagged out equipment and systems that are not also locked out.

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These procedures are extremely important and must be followed whenever any locked or tagged out equipment will be brought back into service or whenever locks or tags are to be removed.

Unauthorized removal of a lock or tag on a properly locked out piece of equipment will result in disciplinary action. To remove locks or tags from a piece of equipment without the individual who locked it out requires the approval of the person's supervisor after it has been verified that the individual who locked out the equipment is not at risk and that the equipment has been inspected by the person's supervisor and is determined to be safe. This procedure is to be done only after every effort has been made to have the individual who locked out the equipment remove his/her lock and tag.
1. The work area is to be inspected to ensure that all personnel, tools, loose parts, and non-essential items are clear and that the guarding is in place. If the equipment is to be brought on line for set-up or adjustment temporarily without guarding, affected personnel must be adequately protected.
2. All personnel who would be affected by the start-up of the equipment must be notified of the removal of the lockout devices before they are removed.
3. Prior to start-up the area must be inspected to ensure that all personnel have been safely positioned in order to eliminate the chance of anyone being exposed to unexpected release of hazardous energy.

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The VIMS/SMS Safety Committee will conduct audits of the lockout/tagout procedures, written program, and training to ensure that the procedures are adequate and that they are being followed. If deviations from these procedures are discovered, the personnel involved must be retrained and the training documented. The audit should include verification that training has been completed for all required personnel involved in the lockout/tagout procedure including affected personnel. The location of specific written procedures for equipment should be known by these personnel. All personnel involved must be able to explain the purpose of this procedure and the details of how it works.

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The undersigned personnel at VIMS/SMS have taken part in training for logout/tagout procedures. Training included identification and recognition of hazardous energy sources, energy control procedures, purpose of and use of energy control procedures, procedures used for shift changes (if required), contractor operations that may involve lockout/tagout; a review of specific procedural steps developed for equipment at this facility, and special procedures to be used when working with equipment that is subject only to tagout.

NAME DATE DEPARTMENT

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

I have conducted the training at VIMS/SMS for both authorized and affected personnel listed above.
 

________________________________________________(signature)

________________________________________________(printed name)

________________________________________________(Title)

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The following procedure has been developed to provide steps to be used when lockout/tagout is required for the equipment listed.

List equipment or system including name, serial numbers, and location. Similar equipment having the same energy sources and same procedure may be listed together.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Types and Magnitude(s) of energy and hazards (480v three phase, 120v single phase, compressed air - 110psi, live steam, etc.)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name(s)/job titles of personnel authorized to lockout/tagout this equipment

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Types and location of energy isolating means

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Types of stored energy - methods of dissipation or restraint

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Methods selected to lockout/tagout the equipment (locks, clam shell, etc.)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
 

Procedure for verifying isolation

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Special group lockout/tagout procedures

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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Date inspection performed: ________________________________

Machine or equipment on which energy control procedure was being utilized:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Were the steps in the energy control procedure being followed? _______________

Did the involved personnel know their responsibilities under the procedure? __________

Was the procedure adequate to provide the necessary protection? ________________

What changes, if any, need to be made? ________________________________________________________________________

Persons performing the inspection: ______________________________________________
 

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I. INTRODUCTION

The operation of a vessel entails certain unavoidable risks. Anyone aboard a VIMS/SMS vessel should be aware that those risks exist and take prudent action to minimize them. The purpose of this appendix is to ensure that anyone who operates or who is on board any VIMS/SMS vessel is aware of the mandatory personal safety requirements. Individual department heads and supervisors may enforce additional requirements or procedures. 

The policy outlined in this appendix is to be considered supplemental to and in no way contradictory of the various federal and state laws and regulations dealing with the safety of life at sea and vessel operations in general. It is realized that compliance with this policy may not always be easy or may not accommodate the clothing that some individuals would prefer. Nevertheless the safety of life and limb take precedence over convenience and matters of personal taste.

The general rule of thumb is that an individual should first protect himself or herself from injury, then protect the equipment, and finally attempt to save the samples or data. If scientists and crew are healthy and uninjured, they can redeploy the instruments or equipment and rerun experiments. If the equipment is saved, it can be repaired and reused.

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A. Vessel Operations

As the safe operation of a vessel is not solely a function of equipment and policy, the Supervisor of Vessel Operations may implement certain requirements for training and/or proficiency as deemed necessary to ensure compliance with VIMS/SMS policy.

The Supervisor of Vessel Operations has the authority to deny for reason the use of or service upon any VIMS/SMS vessel to any individual. This denial may be temporary resulting from climatic conditions that the Supervisor of Vessel Operations finds to exceed the safe operating ability of the individual. The denial may be conditional requiring that the individual obtain additional training, or it may be greater resulting from a pattern of unsafe operating practices or other situation.

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It shall be the responsibility of the vessel Captain or operator to comply with the personal safety aspects of this appendix and applicable nautical "Rules of the Road."

Anytime a person is at risk of accidentally going overboard, a U. S. Coast Guard approved Type I, II, or III personal flotation device (PFD) must be worn.  This shall not include manually inflated devices.

Examples of when the wearing of a PFD is required:

    1:  At all times when a person is on an open deck and the vessel is not at a dock.

    2:  At all times when a person is loading, unloading, or cleaning a deck on a docked vessel.

Examples of when wearing a PFD is not required:

    1:  When a person is inside the cabin of a non-trailerable boat.

    2:  When a person intentionally enters the water in relation to field activities.

Weak swimmers shall identify themselves to the Vessel Captain/Operator and fellow crew members.
 

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Under special circumstances approval may be granted for a vessel to be operated single handedly.  During such operation, the engine safety lanyard must be appropriately attached to the vessel operator, if the engine has this feature.

Personal Protective Equipment shall be employed as described in Section VI of the basic VIMS/SMS Occupational Safety and Health Plan.

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Purpose

Among the more dangerous operations is working in confined spaces. Every year confined space accidents account for a large number of deaths. Most often these deaths are the result of failure of the person or supervisor to recognize the hazard or failure to take simple yet important safety precautions. A sobering fact about confined space accidents is that over half of the deaths recorded are those of rescuers who respond to the accident or are already there and attempt to rescue someone without proper training or precautions. Accordingly, OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.146, Permit Required Confined Spaces, was enacted to establish mandatory requirements for practices and procedures to protect personnel from hazards associated with confined spaces.

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A "confined space" generally may be defined as any space which is large enough and configured such that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work, has limited or restricted means for entry or exit, and is a space not designed for continuous employee occupancy. Confined spaces at VIMS/SMS include sewers, pits/sumps, underground chemical waste and septic tanks, deep trenches (over 4 feet deep), voids/bilges on vessels, and elevator shafts, among others.

A "permit required confined space" is a space which meets all the above listed criteria for a confined space but which may have one or more of the following additional hazards associated with it. These hazards are a potentially hazardous atmosphere, a material that possibly could engulf an entrant, a physical configuration such that an entrant may be trapped or asphyxiated due to converging walls or sloping floors yielding a smaller cross-section, or any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.

The general rule is do not enter any confined space without knowing what is in it, what was in it, and what will be done in the space. One must be properly trained and equipped before entry including rescue.

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The Director for Safety and Environmental Programs is responsible for the confined space entry and rescue program at VIMS/SMS. Supervisors are responsible for ensuring the mandatory confined space entry or hazardous area entry permit is completed prior to initiation of any work in these areas. Specific information on the entry permit will be found in paragraph III. All personnel entering a confined or hazardous space shall receive the OSHA mandated reentry training by either their immediate on-site supervisor or the Assistant to the Dean and Director for Safety and Environmental Programs.

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There are many potential killers in confined spaces. The most common are hazardous atmospheres, specifically (A) oxygen deficiency/enrichment, (B) flammable gases , vapors, and mists (C) toxic gases at levels above the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), and (D) airborne combustible dusts.

A. Oxygen Deficiency/Enrichment - A normal atmosphere contains approximately 21% oxygen. Any atmosphere containing less than 19.5% oxygen is considered to be oxygen deficient. Air containing 16% or less oxygen cannot sustain human life . Oxygen enrichment exists at levels above 23.5%. This condition can lead to lowered ignition temperatures and vigorous combustion of clothing, hair, or other combustible material.

B. Flammable Gases, Vapors, and Mists - The presence of these materials at levels above 10% of the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) is considered hazardous. Most sampling instruments are calibrated to signal an alarm at this level.

C. Toxic Exposures - The presence of toxic liquids, vapors, fumes, or smoke at or above the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is hazardous.

D. Airborne Combustible Dust - Concentrations of airborne combustible dusts above the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) is hazardous.

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The OSHA standard requires that a permit be prepared in a standardized format or be preprinted through which all conditions which must be evaluated to ensure safe entry are identified. The following is a brief outline of the accepted procedures mandated in the standard:

A. Do not enter any confined space without knowing what is in it, what was in it, how long it has been closed, what operations will be conducted, and what materials will be used.

B. Test the atmosphere for oxygen content, combustible atmospheres, and toxics. Continuous monitoring with direct reading instruments is the safest method of monitoring.

C. Close and lockout any supply lines, chutes, pipes, pumps, drains, electrical and mechanical equipment connected with the confined space. It is essential that all potential energy sources be isolated from the space before any entry. Refer to VIMS/SMS Lockout/Tagout Program procedures in Appendix A.

D. Where an explosive or flammable atmosphere is present, avoid all possible sources of ignition and use extreme care in purging the contaminated space. Care should be exercised to avoid venting combustible or toxic atmospheres where personnel or ignition sources are present. Blowers, duct-work, vents, and other equipment used for ventilation should all be bonded together to avoid buildup of static electricity. This also applies when using steam, inert gas, or compressed air to vent a space. When possible blowers should push the atmosphere rather than pulling it through the unit. The blower is more efficient and reduces the risk of ignition.

E. Conduct continuous atmospheric monitoring of the space with appropriate equipment even if the space was "safe" when work began. Any alarm or irregular reading from instruments shall be used as a warning to evacuate the space until the condition is corrected.

F. Before anyone enters a confined space, all of the proper equipment must be available for air sampling, respiratory protection, personal protection, communications, and retrieval or rescue. A properly trained attendant must be available and a properly trained and equipped rescue team must be alerted.

G. A permit system should be used to ensure that all necessary precautions have been taken and the entrants, attendants, and rescuers are ready for their respective duties.

H. If it is necessary to enter a space containing a hazardous atmosphere, all entrants shall be equipped with a supplied-air respirator or self-contained breathing equipment, a safety harness, and a life line. Rescue team members must be similarly equipped and standing by. If a rescue is needed, if at all possible it should be accomplished from outside the space by using mechanical retrieval devices.

I. When welding or cutting is to be done inside an enclosed space, the space should be "certified" gas free by a qualified tester before work is begun and a hot work permit issued. Mechanical ventilation should be provided to remove fumes from the workers' breathing zone and from the space.

Conditions that may contribute to accidents, or which may merely be an inconvenience in open areas are far more serious when they occur in a confined space. Testing, purging, and ventilating the space when possible will render the space safe from atmospheric hazards. Isolating the space from all potential energy sources and providing for rescue can make an otherwise dangerous task safe.

For a complete discussion of requirements for confined space entry refer to 29 CFR 1910.146.

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A. Entrants, Attendants, and Supervisors

Training for the above personnel is job and site specific and will follow the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.146. A copy of each individual's training needs will be provided by the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs upon request.

B. Rescuers

Training for rescuers will be in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.146. In addition to maintaining proficiency with required equipment, it is required that practice making permit space rescues be carried out at least once every twelve months. The standard requires that
1. Simulated rescue operations in which dummies, mannequins, or persons are removed through representative openings and portals whose size, configuration, and accessibility closely approximate those of the permit spaces be carried out.
2. At least one member of each rescue team maintain current certification in basic first aid and CPR.

The Office of Safety and Environmental Programs is responsible for scheduling and conducting the training exercise.

Location/Description_____________________________ Date ___________________

Purpose of Entry ________________________________ Time __________________

Department ____________________________________ Expiration ______________

Person in Charge of work __________________________________ Ext _______________

Supervisor on-site ________________________________________ Ext _______________

Work Crew Name(s) _____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Requirements Yes No

Lockout/De-energize ___ __
Fire Extinguisher(s) ___ __
Escape Harness ___ __
Secure Area ___ __
Lifeline(s) ___ __
Lighting ___ __
Tripod ___ __
Protective Clothing ___ __
Line(s) Broken - Capped/Blanked ___ __
Breathing Apparatus ___ __
Purge - Flush and Vent ___ __
Medical Oxygen ___ __
Ventilation ___ __ Respirator ___ __

Test(s) to be taken Limit....... ..........Yes No Time Time Time Time

% of oxygen ..........19.5% to 23.5% ___ __ ____ ____ ____ ____
% of LEL ..............10% ..................___ __ ____ ____ ____ ____
Carbon. Monoxide 50 ppm ..............___ __ ____ ____ ____ ____
Aromatic Hydrocarbons 10 ppm....... ___ __ ____ ____ ____ ____

Gas Tester ______________________________________________ Ext ______________

Instrument(s) Used __________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Safety/Rescue Standby Person(s) _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Person Authorizing Work ______________________________________________________
 

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Purpose

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has issued Standard 29 CFR 1910.1030 which mandates the implementation of specific measures to minimize the exposure of employees to human blood and other potentially infectious materials. In order to comply with the OSHA requirement, each employer having employees whose reasonably anticipated duties may result in an occupational exposure to such materials must establish a written infection-control plan based on the standard and designed to minimize or eliminate employee exposure. A copy of this plan must be made available to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health or a designated representative for examination upon request. The infection control plan must be reviewed and updated as necessary to reflect significant changes in tasks or procedures.

Although the OSHA regulation primarily is intended to minimize the risk of exposure to pathogens derived from humans, the operating practices described in the regulation and in this Infection Control Plan are applicable to situations where there is potential for infection from any source.

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The Virginia Institute of Marine Science/School of Marine Science (VIMS/SMS) Infection Control Plan applies to all faculty, staff, and students while engaged in any VIMS/SMS officially directed or sponsored research or activity on or off campus which may have the potential to cause occupational exposures as defined in section C below. Individual and managerial responsibility and authority are as stipulated in the basic portion of the VIMS/SMS Occupational Safety and Health Plan, as revised 

1. Blood - Any human blood, human blood components, or products made from human blood.
2. Bloodborne Pathogens - Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
3. Clinical Laboratory - A workplace where diagnostic or other screening procedures are performed on blood or other potentially infectious materials.
4. Disinfect - Means to inactivate virtually all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not necessarily all microbial forms (e.g. bacterial endospores) on inanimate objects.
5. Employee - For the purpose of this plan, all VIMS/SMS faculty, staff, and students are considered employees.
6. Engineering Controls - Controls that isolate or remove the hazard from the workplace.
7. Exposure Incident - A specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties.
8. Infectious Waste - Blood and blood products, contaminated sharps, pathological wastes, and microbiological wastes.
9. Occupational Exposure - Any reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties. This definition excludes incidental exposures that may take place on the job and that are neither reasonably nor routinely expected to occur in the normal course of employment.
10.Other Potentially Infectious Material - Semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, and any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood. Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead), or any HBV/HIV infected human or animal tissue, organ, or culture, solution, blood organ, or culture medium.
11. Personal Protective Equipment - Specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee to protect him/her from a hazard.
12. Sharps - Any object that can penetrate the skin including but not limited to needles, scalpels, and broken glass.
13. Sterilize - The use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life including highly resistant bacterial endospores.
14. Universal Precautions - A method of infection control in which all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HBV, HIV, and other bloodborne pathogens.
15. Work Practice Controls - Controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed.

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Each employer who has employee's with occupational exposure as defined in paragraph C 9 above must
1. Identify and document those tasks and procedures where occupational exposures may take place.
2. Identify and document all positions with occupational exposure.
3. Make the exposure determination without regard to the use of personal protective equipment.

The responsibility for carrying out the requirements of this paragraph rests with the Principle Investigator for the research grant/contract or the respective faculty monitor in the case of students. A list of those personnel who may fall under the criteria set forth in this appendix must be forwarded to the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs.

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A. General

Universal precautions shall be observed to prevent contact with blood and other potentially infectious materials. 

Engineering controls are used in conjunction with work practices and must be examined, maintained, or replaced on a scheduled basis to ensure their effectiveness.

• Use puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers, color-coded red or labeled, according to the standard (see section K) to discard contaminated items such as needles, broken glass, or scalpels that might cause a cut or puncture wound.

• Store and process reusable contaminated sharps in a way that ensures safe handling. For example, use a mechanical device to retrieve used instruments from soaking pans in decontamination areas.

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When there is a potential for occupational exposure, supervisors shall provide and ensure that personal protective equipment is used. This includes but is not limited to gloves, gowns, fluid-proof aprons, laboratory coats, head and foot coverings, face shields or masks, and eye protection.

All personal protective equipment in the appropriate sizes must be readily accessible in the work area or issued as required. Hypoallergenic gloves shall be readily accessible to those personnel who are allergic to the gloves normally provided.

The supervisor shall provide for the cleaning, laundering or disposal, and repair or replacement of personal protective equipment needed to ensure compliance with OSHA requirements.

Specific instructions regarding the type and use of personal protective equipment follows:
1. Gloves - Gloves shall be worn when the potential exists for the hands to have direct skin contact with blood, other potentially infectious materials, and non-intact skin and when handling items or surfaces soiled with blood or other potentially infectious materials. Disposable (single use) gloves such as surgical or examination gloves shall be replaced as soon as possible when visibly soiled, torn, punctured, or when their ability to function as a barrier is compromised. They shall not be washed or disinfected for re-use. Utility gloves may be disinfected for re-use if the integrity of the glove is not compromised, however they must be discarded if they are cracked, peeling, discolored, torn, punctured, or exhibit other signs of deterioration.
2. Masks, Eye Protection, and Face Shields - Masks and eye protection or chin-length face shields shall be worn whenever splashes, spray, spatter, droplets, or aerosols of blood or other potentially infectious materials may be generated and there is a potential for eye, nose, or mouth contamination.
3. Gowns, Aprons, and Other Protective Body Clothing - The type and characteristics will depend upon the task and degree of exposure anticipated; however, the clothing selected shall form an effective barrier. Gowns, lab coats, aprons, or similar clothing shall be worn if there is a potential for soiling of clothes with blood or other potentially infectious materials. Fluid-resistant clothing, surgical caps, or hoods shall be worn if there is a potential for splashing, spraying, or splattering of blood or other potentially infectious materials. Fluid-proof clothing and fluid-proof shoe covers shall be worn if there is a potential for clothing or shoes to become soaked or contaminated.

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Supervisors shall ensure that the work area is maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. Each work area shall implement an appropriate written schedule for cleaning and method of disinfection based upon the location within the facility, type of surface to be cleaned, type of soil present, and tasks or procedures being performed.

All equipment and work surfaces shall be cleaned and decontaminated with an appropriate disinfectant after completion of procedures, immediately after any spill of blood or other potentially infectious materials, and at the end of the work day. Equipment which may become contaminated must be cleaned and disinfected prior to any servicing or shipping. Protective coverings such as plastic wrap, aluminum foil or imperviously-backed absorbent paper may be used to cover equipment and environmental surfaces. They shall be replaced as necessary,.

All bins, pails, cans, and similar receptacles intended for reuse shall be inspected, cleaned, and disinfected on a regular basis. They shall be cleaned and disinfected immediately or as soon as possible upon visible contamination. Broken glassware which may be contaminated shall not be picked up directly with the hands. It shall be cleaned up using mechanical means such as a brush and dust pan, a vacuum cleaner, tongs, cotton swabs, or forceps.

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Specimens of blood or other potentially infectious materials shall be placed in a closable, leakproof container labeled or color-coded according to section K of this plan prior to being stored or transported. If outside contamination of the primary container is likely, then a second leakproof container that is labeled or color-coded according to section K shall be placed over the first and closed to prevent leakage during handling, storage, or transport. If puncture of the primary container is likely, it shall be placed within a leakproof, puncture resistant secondary container.

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All infectious waste, potentially infectious waste, or human tissue destined for disposal shall be placed in closable, leakproof containers or bags that are color-coded or labeled as required by section K of this plan. If outside contamination of the container or bag is likely to occur then a second leakproof container or bag which is closable and labeled or color-coded as described in section K of this plan shall be placed over the outside of the first and closed to prevent leakage during handling, storage, and transport.

Disposal of all infectious waste shall be in accordance with applicable federal, state, and local regulations. The Office of Safety and Environmental Programs is responsible for effecting the storage and disposal of infectious waste, potentially infectious waste, or human tissue.

Immediately after use sharps shall be disposed of in closable, puncture resistant, disposable containers which are leakproof on the sides and bottom and that are color-coded according to section K of this plan. These containers shall be easily accessible to personnel, located in the immediate area of usage, shall be replaced routinely, and not allowed to be overfilled. Full "sharps containers" should be sealed and the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs contacted to coordinate disposal. Needles should never be recapped or intentionally broken.

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Laundry from work areas with personnel covered under this plan that is contaminated with blood or other potentially infectious materials or may contain contaminated sharps shall be treated as if it were contaminated and shall be handled as little as possible and with a minimum of agitation. Contaminated laundry shall be bagged at the location where it was used and placed and transported in bags that are labeled or color-coded as described in section K of this plan. Whenever this laundry is wet and presents the potential for soak-through of or leakage from the bag, it shall be placed and transported in leakproof bags. It is mandatory that anyone handling this type of laundry wear appropriate personal protective clothing.

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All medical evaluations and procedures will be performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician and all laboratory tests will be conducted by an accredited laboratory.

HBV vaccination shall be offered to all employees occupationally exposed on an average of one or more times per month to blood or other potentially infectious materials, unless the employee has a previous HBV vaccination or unless antibody testing has revealed that the employee is immune. If the employee initially declines HBV vaccination but at a later date while still covered under this plan decides to accept the HBV vaccine, it shall be provided.  Should a booster dose(s) be recommended at a future date, such booster(s) shall be provided according to standard recommendations for medical practice.  HBV antibody testing shall be made available to an employee who desires such testing prior to deciding whether or not to receive HBV vaccination. If found to be immune to HBV by virtue of adequate antibody titer, then the employer is not required to offer the HBV vaccine to that employee.

Following report of an exposure incident, each employee covered by this plan shall be provided with a confidential medical examination and follow-up which includes at least the following:
1. Documentation of the route(s) of exposure, HBV and HIV antibody status of the source (if known), the circumstances under which the exposure occurred, and the source (if known).
2. Collection of blood from the exposed employee as soon as possible after the exposure incident for the determination of HIV and/or HBV status. Actual antibody or antigen testing of the blood or serum sample may be done at that time or at a later date if the employee so requests.
3. Follow-up of the exposed employee including antibody or antigen testing, counseling, illness reporting, and safe and effective post-exposure prophylaxis, according to standard recommendations for medical practice.

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The following information shall be provided to the evaluating physician
1. A copy of the basic OSHA regulation and a copy of this plan.
2. A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's occupational exposure.

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For each evaluation under this plan, the employee will be provided a copy of the evaluating physician's written opinion within 15 working days of the completion of the evaluation. The written opinion shall be limited to the following information
1. The physician's recommended limitations upon the employee's ability to receive hepatitis B vaccination.
2. A statement that the employee has been informed of the results of the medical evaluation and that the employee has been told about any medical conditions resulting from exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials which require further evaluation or treatment.
3. Specific findings or diagnoses which are related to the employee's ability to receive HBV vaccination. Any other findings and diagnoses shall remain confidential.

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Signs shall be posted at the entrance to specified work areas which shall bear the following legend

Warning labels shall be affixed to containers of infectious waste, refrigerators and freezers containing blood and other potentially infectious materials, and other containers used to store the same. Labels required by OSHA shall include the following legend

These labels shall be flourescent orange or orange-red or predominantly so, with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color. Labels either shall be an integral part of the container or shall be affixed as closely as safely possible to the container by string, wire, adhesive, or other method that prevents their loss or unintentional removal. Red bags or red containers may be substituted for labels on containers of infectious waste.

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A. General

All employees with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens shall participate in a training program. Training shall be provided at the time of initial employment and at least annually thereafter. Material appropriate in content and vocabulary to educational level, literacy, and language background of employees shall be used. 

The training program shall contain the following elements:
1. A copy of the OSHA regulation and this plan and an explanation of their contents.
2. A general explanation of the epidemiology and symptoms of bloodborne diseases.
3. An explanation of the modes of transmission of bloodborne pathogens.
4. An explanation of the appropriate methods for recognizing tasks and other activities that may involve exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials.
5. An explanation of the use and limitations of practices that will prevent or reduce exposure including appropriate engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment.
6. Information on the types, proper use, location, removal, handling, decontamination and/or disposal of personal protective equipment. Plus an explanation of the basis for selection of personal protective equipment.
7. Information on the hepatitis B vaccine, including information on its efficacy, safety, and the benefits of being vaccinated.
8. Information on the appropriate actions to take and persons to contact in an emergency.
9. An explanation of the procedure to follow if an exposure incident occurs, including the method of reporting the incident and the medical follow-up that will be made available. Also, information on the medical counseling that will be provided for exposed individuals.
10. An explanation of the signs and labels and/or color coding being used.

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A. Medical Records

Accurate medical records shall be maintained for each employee subject to this plan in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20. The records shall include
1. The name and social security number of the employee.
2. A copy of the employee's hepatitis B vaccination records and medical records relative to the employee's ability to receive vaccination or the circumstances of an exposure incident.
3. A copy of all results of physical examinations, medical testing, and follow-up procedures as they relate to the employee's ability to receive vaccination or to post exposure evaluation following an exposure incident.
4. The employer's copy of the physician's written opinion and a copy of the information provided to the physician by the employer.

All employee medical records must be kept confidential and are not to be disclosed or resorted to any person within or outside the workplace except as required by this plan and law.

This record must be maintained for the duration of employment plus 30 years in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.

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Training records shall include the following information
1. The dates of the training sessions.
2. The contents or a summary of the training sessions.
3. The names of persons conducting the training and the names of all persons attending the training sessions.
4. Training records shall be maintained for 5 years. 

The employer shall assure that all records required to be maintained shall be made available upon request for examination and copying to the subject employee, to anyone having written consent of the subject employee, and to the Assistant Secretary in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.

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Animal bites and scratches carry the potential for uncommon infection or disease in addition to the direct trauma resulting from the injury. It is important that appropriate medical treatment be obtained promptly and that the physician be informed of the nature of the incident and of the potential for animal borne infection. Although the primary concern is with bites and scratches from laboratory mammals, injuries from fish and reptiles should be treated in the same fashion. Some zoonotic diseases can be contracted from exposure to airborne particles without direct contact with the animal. Salmonellosis is of concern and can be contracted from contact with many types of animals, including fish and reptiles. Finally, the mycobacteria in marine waters can cause infection non-intact skin has been in contact with raw water. Again it is very important that the physicain be informed of the patient's potential exposure to these harmful agents. Additionally it is incumbent upon each person to maintain an up-to-date tetanus immunization.

All bites and scratches, no matter how small, from laboratory animals must be reported as soon as possible to the individual's supervisor or department head, the campus Workers' Compensation Office, and the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs. These persons, in consultation with the injured employee, and in some cases in consultation with a physician, will decide the course of action to take. The course of action depends on the nature and severity of the injury and may include on site first aid or treatment by a physician or both.

Injuries incurred "in the field" from wild animals should be treated as medical emergencies. If the injured person's skin be broken by the animal, medical attention from a physician should be obtained promptly. If it can be done without risk of further injury, the animal should be captured and held for observation and possible testing. Tick and flea exposures should be noted in a field log. Ticks should be removed as promptly as reasonably possible and the exposed individuals should monitor themselves for symptoms of Lyme Disease and other tick or insect borne illnesses.

Anyone seeking treatment from a physician for any sort of animal bite or scratch must inform the physician of the type of animal and the circumstances of the incident. If the injured person is aware of any potential health problems associated with the animal, whether as an individual, a species, or member of a larger group, the injured person must so inform the physician.

If an employee is injured by a non-laboratory raised animal, the following procedure will be followed.

• The injured employee immediately will be taken to an Emergency Department or "Urgent Care Clinic" for evaluation by a physician. Notify the campus Workers' Compensation Office and arrange to make the formal report in a timely manner.

• Quarantine the animal and contact a veterinarian to examine the animal. The Animal will be quarantined and not handled, except as required for humane feeding and care, for 10 days.

• After 10 days the veterinarian will reexamine the animal. If the findings of the reexamination are normal, the animal may be put back into the animal colony.

• If the animal dies during the 10 day period, tests must be performed for rabies and, with the advice of the veterinarian and principal investigator, other animal borne diseases.

• The Office of Safety and Environmental Programs must be informed of the incident and the results of the reexamination and subsequent tests, if any. Appropriate records of all actions must be forwarded to the Office of Safety and Environmental Programs where a file of the records of such incidents is maintained.

As persons who work in the field are apt to have small cuts and scratches on their hands or arms, they are at risk for contracting infections as a result of handling marine organisms or from exposure to the raw water. Persons who have such occupational exposures should inform any physician they might consult of that circumstance.

Finally, good personal hygiene, especially frequent and thorough hand washing, is a strong defense against contracting many illnesses.

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